This post is an expanded and reworked version of the table in my first keyboards and Graph Theory blog post, listing the best (in terms of maximal number of edges) girth 6 bipartite small graph(s). I added many of these to the House of Graphs database, and then in October the mathematician Steven Van Overberghe added a few more. My interest here is applying the graphs to the design of diode-free computer keyboards where the bipartite matrix becomes a sparse scanning matrix, and girth 6 becomes 4-key rollover (4KRO).
| Nodes, GPIO |
Edges, Keys |
Girth 6 graph(s) |
Example Keyboard(s) |
| 10 |
12 |
Unnamed Graph (circle with two crossing lines) |
24-key 4x6 macropad |
| 11 |
14 |
Unnamed Graph |
28-key split Zplitzalp |
| 12 |
15 |
Unnamed Graph (circle with three crossing lines) |
30-key split Rommana |
| 13 |
18 |
Partial Heawood Graph |
36-key split 3W6, 34-key split Forager Acid |
| 14 |
21 |
Heawood Graph (wikipedia) |
42-key split Heawood42, 38-key split Totem |
| 15 |
22 |
Unnamed Graph |
44-key split |
| 16 |
24 |
Möbius–Kantor Graph (wikipedia) |
24-key MoKa-NP |
| 17 |
26 |
Unnamed Graph |
26-key ʻākohekohe, 26-key smallcat |
| 18 |
29 |
Unnamed Graph (better than the Pappus Graph etc) |
28-key Zilpzalp, 28-key Grumpy, 29-key Fitis |
| 19 |
31 |
Unnamed Graph |
30 key Hummingbird |
| 20 |
34 |
Unnamed Graph |
34-key Le Chiffre, 33 or 34-key reviung34, 32-key Visorbearer |
| 21 |
36 |
Hesse Configuration Incidence Graph |
36-key Gamma Omega Hesse |
| 22 |
39 |
Unnamed Graph, Unnamed Graph |
39-key Reviung39 |
| 23 |
42 |
Unnamed Graph |
42-key Osprey |
| 24 |
45 |
Unnamed Graph (better than Nauru graph etc). |
45-key Splaynck, 44-key Masonry |
| 25 |
48+ |
Partial PG(2,3) |
48-key |
| 26 |
52 |
Incidence graph of the projective plane of order 3, PG(2,3) (two keys per GPIO) |
52-key Slump52 |
| 27 |
53+ |
Partial JESK is 52, trivial expansion of PG(2,3) gives 53. |
53-key Reviung53 |
| 28 |
56 |
JESK graph (two keys per GPIO) |
56-key JESK56 |
| 29 |
57+ |
Trivial expansion of JESK gives 57. Reduction of Integral Graph etc gives only 56 (as degree 4). |
57-key |
| 30 |
60 |
Integral Graph, Unnamed graph, Unnamed graph (two keys per GPIO) |
60-key |
| 31 |
63+ |
Trivial expansion gives 61+. Reduction can give 63 as degree 4/5. |
63-key |
| 32 |
67 |
Unnamed cage graph, Unnamed cage graph (over two keys per GPIO) |
67-key |
Those odd number entries with a plus are where I think a better graph may exist. The even ones tend to be more symmetric, and thus more interesting from a mathematical perspective, and thus more likely to have been added to the House of Graphs database.
The keyboards listed in bold are already using girth 6 graph diode-free designs, three of mine (two built, one in planning), and three from T. G. Marbach. I'm currently working on the "Slump52", a curvy keyboard design intended for a child (or anyone with small hands) combining a split-style layout with dedicated number pad and cursors. More on that later...
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