Friday, 28 November 2025

Small girth 6 graphs for keyboard wiring

This post is an expanded and reworked version of the table in my first keyboards and Graph Theory blog post, listing the best (in terms of maximal number of edges) girth 6 bipartite small graph(s). I added many of these to the House of Graphs database, and then in October the mathematician Steven Van Overberghe added a few more. My interest here is applying the graphs to the design of diode-free computer keyboards where the bipartite matrix becomes a sparse scanning matrix, and girth 6 becomes 4-key rollover (4KRO).

Nodes, GPIO Edges, Keys Girth 6 graph(s) Example Keyboard(s)
10 12 Unnamed Graph (circle with two crossing lines) 24-key 4x6 macropad
11 14 Unnamed Graph 28-key split Zplitzalp
12 15 Unnamed Graph (circle with three crossing lines) 30-key split Rommana
13 18 Partial Heawood Graph 36-key split 3W6, 34-key split Forager Acid
14 21 Heawood Graph (wikipedia) 42-key split Heawood42, 38-key split Totem
15 22 Unnamed Graph 44-key split
16 24 Möbius–Kantor Graph (wikipedia) 24-key MoKa-NP
17 26 Unnamed Graph 26-key ʻākohekohe, 26-key smallcat
18 29 Unnamed Graph (better than the Pappus Graph etc) 28-key Zilpzalp, 28-key Grumpy, 29-key Fitis
19 31 Unnamed Graph 30 key Hummingbird
20 34 Unnamed Graph 34-key Le Chiffre, 33 or 34-key reviung3432-key Visorbearer
21 36 Hesse Configuration Incidence Graph 36-key Gamma Omega Hesse
22 39 Unnamed Graph, Unnamed Graph 39-key Reviung39
23 42 Unnamed Graph 42-key Osprey
24 45 Unnamed Graph (better than Nauru graph etc). 45-key Splaynck44-key Masonry
25 48+ Partial PG(2,3) 48-key
26 52 Incidence graph of the projective plane of order 3, PG(2,3) (two keys per GPIO) 52-key Slump52
27 53+ Partial JESK is 52, trivial expansion of PG(2,3) gives 53. 53-key Reviung53
28 56 JESK graph (two keys per GPIO) 56-key JESK56
29 57+ Trivial expansion of JESK gives 57. Reduction of Integral Graph etc gives only 56 (as degree 4). 57-key
30 60 Integral Graph, Unnamed graph, Unnamed graph (two keys per GPIO) 60-key
31 63+ Trivial expansion gives 61+. Reduction can give 63 as degree 4/5. 63-key
32 67 Unnamed cage graph, Unnamed cage graph (over two keys per GPIO) 67-key

Those odd number entries with a plus are where I think a better graph may exist. The even ones tend to be more symmetric, and thus more interesting from a mathematical perspective, and thus more likely to have been added to the House of Graphs database.

The keyboards listed in bold are already using girth 6 graph diode-free designs, three of mine (two built, one in planning), and three from T. G. Marbach. I'm currently working on the "Slump52", a curvy keyboard design intended for a child (or anyone with small hands) combining a split-style layout with dedicated number pad and cursors. More on that later...

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